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How to think Data race: an issue when data are accessible by multi-thread. How to solve? -> Locks, Mutual exclusion locks (a.k.a., Mutex locks) Mutex Mutex = Mutual exclution lock = a thread locks exclusively other threads until done. (Binary) Semaphor and Mutex https://stackoverflow.com/a/86021/9923806 Mutual exclusion semaphores are used to protect shared resources (data structure, file, etc..). A Binary semaphore should be used for Synchronization. Critical section https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_section In concurrent programming, concurrent accesses to shared resources can lead to unexpected or erroneous behavior, so parts of the program where the shared resource is accessed need to be protected in ways that avoid the concurrent access.